Before one can properly select a lubricant for a specific application some basic theorymust be understood. When one surface moves over another there is always some degreeof resistance to movement. This resistance to movement is called friction. Friction canmanifest itself in varying degrees from smooth easy sliding to uneven erratic movement,which can generate excessive heat and cause damage to the moving surfaces.Friction is good when it causes the brakes and tires on cars and trucks to stop the vehicleor when it keeps our shoes from slipping on wet surfaces, yet friction is bad when itcauses heat, wear and reduced energy in an engine, gearbox, transmission or piece ofequipment.Lubrication is simply the use of a material to improve the smoothness of movement byreducing friction. The immediate result is reduced wear and reduced heat generation.There are numerous types of lubricants but for this book the main consideration issynthetic and petroleum motor oils, ATF and gear lubes as related to automotive,motorcycles, recreational vehicles and other equipment.The coefficient of friction between two moving materials is defined as mu and changeswith load and speed. The force needed to start the movement is defined as static frictionand is typically always greater than the dynamic friction, which is the force required tokeep the two materials moving at the same speed once initial movement has started.Different oils and different materials and loading conditions can create vastly differentcoefficients of friction that can affect performance and longevity of an engine and othermechanical components. A few basic key functions of a motor oil is to reduce frictionunder all extremes of operating condition, prevent corrosion of internal enginecomponents and provide for cooling via transfer of heat.When it comes to reducing friction (as well as preventing corrosion and providingeffective heat transfer) I am a firm believer in synthetic lubrication. Here's the basics ofwhy I say that: when using a petroleum oil, under certain conditions, the lubricant filmcan be either too thin, thus allowing metal-to-metal contact, or too viscous which causeshigh internal friction within the layers of the oil. The key is to select an oil that is thinenough to have a low internal friction coefficient, yet still high enough to effectivelyseparate two metal surfaces under all operational conditions and prevent excessive wearand heat generation. The facts prove that synthetic lubrication achieves both of theseobjectives while with petroleum oil there can be a compromise. The uniform molecularstructure of synthetic lubricants allow it to flow freely for low internal friction, yet stilleffectively separate two metal-to-metal contact surfaces under normal and extremeoperating conditions and significantly reduce internal wear. When you look at two metal surfaces, such as piston to cylinder, and visually see thatthey appear smooth what you are seeing does not accurately reflect reality. When viewedunder a high-powered microscope even the smoothest machined surfaces are rough andare viewed as millions of peaks and valleys. These peaks are under extremely highloading and need to wear-in (commonly called break-in) on a new engine. However,there is much discrepancy among automotive and motorsport enthusiasts as to how longof a time period is required for engine wear-in and whether or not petroleum oil must beused for the initial wear-in.The time required for wear-in, before converting to synthetic oil, on a new productionmanufactured engine is very minimal and typically occurs during the hot run test at theengine manufacturer and also on the chassis rolls in the assembly plant, while driving thevehicle around the storage yard, railhead, dealers lot and test drives. Babying a newproduction car for many thousands of miles to "break it in" is no longer necessary, as itwas many years ago. There are also a several models of high performance productionvehicles that come factory fill with synthetic oil, further verifying the fact that petroleumoil is not required to wear-in an engine.My recommendation is to run a short cycle of the manufacturer's installed petroleum oil,then drain the oil and remove the original filter and you're ready to install a premiumquality synthetic motor oil and oil filter. This short cycle of petroleum oil can be at yourfirst scheduled oil change, or sooner if you prefer. A film of oil is needed between thetwo surfaces to keep them from welding together yet, still allowing for adequate wear-in.This film of oil can be either a petroleum oil or a synthetic oil. It is important tounderstand the fact that synthetic oil will not prevent an engine from wearing in. Withtoday's high tech manufacturing technology, designs, equipment and materials wear-intime can be kept to an absolute minimum. Therefore synthetic oil can be installed aseither a factory fill by the manufacturer or installed by the customer after a short cycle ofpetroleum oil has been run.
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