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November 16, 2018by SupportedPatient™ – Traumas tied to higher risks of anxiety, poor societal functioning later in life. Trauma experienced in childhood may be psychologically carried through adulthood, a new study suggested. Among a cohort of over 1,400 individuals, those who experienced trauma in childhood had a higher odds of having a psychiatric disorder in adulthood (adjusted OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.5, P<0.05), reported William Copeland, PhD, of the University of Vermont in Burlington, and colleagues in JAMA Network Open. This association was mainly driven by a significantly higher odds of developing an anxiety disorder in adulthood (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.7, P<0.05), whereas links between childhood trauma and other psychiatric disorders, including depression and substance abuse disorders, were not significantly heightened in a model adjusted for sex, race, other psychiatric disorders, and adversities. Childhood trauma was also tied to poorer functioning in adulthood, including worse health, exhibiting risky or criminal behavior, poorer financial and education functioning, and poorer social functioning. Importantly, the researchers found that children who had three or more traumatic events had the highest chances of developing an adulthood psychiatric problem, as well as poor overall functioning in society, even if they also experienced psychiatric problems in childhood. “Few childhood experiences – even things that we typically think of as important at the time – have lasting effects in adulthood,” Copeland explained to MedPage Today. “We know that many children exposed to trauma struggle, but by the time they reach adulthood more than a decade will have passed. It is surprising then to see that the effects on adult health and functional outcomes are both strong and pervasive, affecting financial, health, and social functioning.” However, he added, it wasn’t a surprise to see how these effects were the strongest for children who endured multiple traumatic events. “Repeated exposure to trauma may limit the effectiveness of common strategies — including social support and mental health services — that children and their families use to cope with trauma.” Experiences of trauma in childhood also psychologically manifested early in youth, as well, the study showed. Childhood trauma was closely related to a heightened odds of psychiatric problems in childhood, marked by an increased chance for anxiety disorders, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct problems, and substance abuse in childhood. These kids who experienced at least one exposure to trauma in their childhood also had higher chances of adversity, including family instability and dysfunction, bullying, and a lower socioeconomic status. This prospective analysis included children primarily from rural areas of North Carolina who were interviewed between ages nine and 16 with the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment. Among this group, 31% reported exposure to one traumatic event, while 23% experienced two events, and 15% experienced three or more traumas in childhood. The most common traumas reported were witnessing a traumatic event, experiencing life-threatening unintentional injuries, and learning of a trauma or extreme stressor occurring to a loved one. These children were then followed up at ages 19, 21, 25, and 30 using the Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment. In an accompanying commentary, Marc Gelkopf, PhD, of the University of Haifa in Israel, underscored the societal implications of these findings, writing: “Considering the fact that those who have been exposed to trauma have a higher chance of repeated trauma exposure and potential perpetration, disenfranchised neighborhoods may include a higher than average concentration of potential perpetrators and fewer resources to treat those who have been exposed to trauma.” He added that trauma “never occurs within a vacuum” and instead, the problem should be recognized — and thus addressed — as a health policy issue, rather than an individual issue. Important to Assess a Patient’s Trauma History But as for what can be done right now, Copeland said that it is always important for psychiatrists and other providers to first assess a patient’s trauma history. “This can be done with short checklists or questionnaires that take less than 10 minutes to administer,” he said. “This information, combined with common assessments of behavioral and emotional functioning, will give the clinician a sense of the child’s history, what help they and their families have sought, and how effective that help has been. Importantly, it can help to identify those children with multiple trauma experiences, who are at highest risk for later challenges.” In addition, Copeland said, if a provider is caring for a child who has had multiple traumas, the patient should be referred to a mental health specialist — preferably one with expertise in dealing with trauma. “This research suggests that it is also important to ask how the child is functioning in other important life areas that may be affected by trauma, such as academics and social functioning, he said. “If the patient is already an adult and has experienced multiple traumas, then a referral to a mental health provider can help provide a broader assessment of how those early experience have affected current functioning and whether additional services related to employment or social functioning are warranted.” The most important limitation to the study, the researchers said, is that the population assessed was not representative of the U.S. as rural and American Indian children were over-represented. ...read more
By SupportedPatient™ December 03, 2018
November 26, 2018by SupportedPatient™ A study that tracked the weight and survival of more than 6,000 Americans for 24 years reinforces the notion that piling on excess pounds can lead to an earlier grave. Being statistically obese, but not simply overweight, was tied to a 27 percent increase in the odds of dying within the study period, according to a research team from Boston University. People in the “obese” category had a body mass index (BMI) between 30 and 34, with 30 being the statistical threshold for obesity. For example, a 5-foot 4-inch person weighing 175 pounds has a BMI of 30. The risk of dying young was also higher for “very” obese people — those with a BMI of 35 to 39. People in this weight category had nearly double the odds of dying during the 24-year study period compared to people with a normal weight, said biostatistician Ching-Ti Liu and colleagues. The study was unique, Liu’s team believes, because it wasn’t based on a person’s BMI at one point in the life span, but instead tracked people’s “weight history” over time. That should “improve the accuracy of BMI data and thus lead to better estimates of the association between obesity and mortality,” the study authors reported. The approach did turn up one finding that may be heartening to people fighting the “battle of the bulge”: Being overweight, but not past the BMI 30 threshold for obesity, did not seem to affect life span. The study found that overweight people could expect roughly the same survival odds as those in the normal-weight category. “There was no difference in mortality risk for those who remained overweight and those who remained normal weight,” noted Mark Pereira, an epidemiologist at the University of Minnesota. That could be because healthy lifestyle changes can stave off disease, even in overweight people, he suggested in a commentary accompanying the new study. Prior studies “have clearly shown that decreases in disease incidence are possible through improved diet and physical activity among overweight and obese individuals, whether weight loss is achieved or not,” he added. The Boston University study relied on detailed information collected every few years on the weight of nearly 6,200 adult participants in the ongoing Framingham Heart Study, with records stretching back over 24 years. Overall, more than half (56 percent) of the study group had died by the end of 2014. Being obese or very obese seemed to have a significant impact on whether death arrived relatively early, Liu’s team found. Because smoking could confound the results, his team also ran the numbers for only those 3,075 participants who had never smoked. The trends appeared to be even stronger in the absence of smoking, the findings showed. In this group, being obese was tied to 31 percent higher odds of death during the study period, while being very obese bumped up the risk to nearly 2.4 times that of normal-weight never-smokers. Surprisingly, in the “never-smokers” group, being overweight (but not obese) did seem to have an effect in lowering life span, relative to normal-weight people. Overall, all of these effects seemed more profound in men than in women, the researchers said. There was one more intriguing finding: The impact obesity has on survival seems to have eased over the past few decades. According to the Liu’s team, that may be due to better “risk factor control” — healthy lifestyle changes — or improvements in drug therapy (statins, for example), surgeries such as angioplasties or bypass, and hospital care. All of those advances may be keeping obese Americans alive longer than in decades past, the researchers said. Still, Pereira wrote, “the bottom line from these analyses was that the lowest mortality risk was observed among individuals who remained in the normal weight or overweight categories over time,” and never became obese. Doing so may be becoming tougher, he added, since “to be overweight or mildly obese today, relative to four or more decades ago, appears to be the new normal.” That doesn’t mean obese Americans are helpless to improve their health, however. According to Pereira, the study supports “lifestyle and environment changes to prevent chronic diseases and mortality among overweight and obese individuals.” The study was published online Nov. 16 in JAMA Network Open. ...read more
By SupportedPatient™ December 03, 2018
Adderall 30mgcomes in generic and Brand versions and is the most effective ADHD medication. Adderall 30mg comes in generic and Brand versions and is the most effective ADHD medication. The most common version of Adderall amphetamine and dextroamphetamine costs around £4.50 per tablet.Physicians also recommend Adderall XR for a quick weight loss in order to relieve obesity in kids.adderall xr,adderall for studying,adderall weight loss,adderall xr 30 mg,adderall benefits. adderall xr,adderall for studying,adderall weight loss,adderall xr 30 mg,adderall benefits It forces you to lose weight by halting your hunger, which may result in several other negative effects. Moreover,Adderallis not recommended for heart patients. Should you consider using Adderall to burn fat. make sure that you are exempt from any heart disease/high blood pressure levels as it could worsen your health condition. Helps the brain to go from the state of over-stimulation to the baseline of stimulation – the point which contains most of our brain. Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine are central nervous system stimulants that affect chemicals in the brain and nerves that contribute to hyperactivity and impulse control. Adderall is used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ...read more
By Adderall Pro USA October 11, 2018
Mental health care referral can be a scary process for many people. Going to a doctor or medical setting to get assessed for mental health services may be more scary than the mental illness. Although a doctor or qualified mental health provider will still have to approve the services, it is quite easy... ...read more
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs in people who have suffered a significant trauma such as a victim of a violent crime, or a soldier who has been deployed to a combat zone. Often times, suffers of PTSD find themselves reliving the trauma which makes it difficult and stressful for them to mov... ...read more
