On March 12, 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a global alert on the outbreak of the epidemic – a new form of pneumonia-like disease with symptoms that are similar to those of the common flu. This illness is potentially fatal and highly contagious, and had spread quickly to many parts of the world in a matter of a few weeks. In atour de forceof genomics, government research centers in Canada and the U.S. decoded the genome of the coronavirus - which was proven to be the cause of SARS. The British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA) in Vancouver was the first to sequence the SARS genome in the early hours of Sunday, April 13, 2003,3 followed closely by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the US on April 14, 2003. The sequence information itself does not provide a cure, but rather the test and diagnostics for this particular virus. The sequencing success was a combination of several events, serendipity being one of the most significant. The challenge was producing a DNA copy of the virus's RNA genome to work with. After several days of effort, scientists managed to produce one millionth of a gram of the genetic material on April 6, 2003. To sequence the SARS genome, the genome was broken in manageable fragments. Within a week, all the fragments had been sequenced. Once started, the sequencing itself was "fairly routine." The sequenced genome fragments were then assembled into the complete genome in mere 12 hours. The SARS virus genome contains 29,751 bases. The Canadians took considerable pride in narrowly beating the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the race to sequence SARS. The CDC announced it had separately sequenced different patient samples of the same virus on April 14. The U.S. sequence contained 24 additional bases compared with the Canadian counterpart. The figure shows how photocatalysis works, in this particular case, as a disinfectant. When the surface of the TiO2 transparent thin film is exposed to UV light (~400nm), negatively charged electrons are released, in much the same way as electrons are released when sunlight hits the surface of the silicon solar power cells. Simultaneously, positively charged holes are formed on the surface of the thin film. Under UV light, electron-hole pairs are created. The negative electrons and positive holes create very strong oxidizers, called hydroxide radical, even stronger than chlorine used as a sterilizer. When harmful substances stick to the positive holes, they are completely broken down into the carbon dioxide and other harmless compounds. As a disinfectant, the hydroxide radical also can inhibit the growth of bacteria and mold. Bacteria can be found all over the place and they multiply quickly. Within an hour after conventional disinfection using bleach for example, the disinfected body will have returned to 80% of pre-disinfection state and in further 23 hours, it will have returned to the original state. The idea is to have a disinfectant agent, such as TiO2 that will kill bacteria faster than they multiply to sustain cleanliness. For TiO2 to be effective as a disinfectant, the size has to be in the nanometer (10-9 m) range. In this size range, it has been shown that the effectiveness of TiO2 as a disinfectant can go as high as 70%-99.9%. The problem that we have is that the cost to grind the substance increases with diminishing size. Many industries now use micrometer (10-6 m) range TiO2. Though much cheaper, the effect is drastically reduced. Pureti Nano Size is 9M On May 23, 2003 and during the SARS epidemic, the WHO recommended that the cabin or quarters occupied by a SARS patient be disinfected with sodium hypochlorite bleach and formatin 1 or chloro-meta-xylenol. There have been technologies developed along this line to deliver one of these ingredients at an extremely low concentration to create a powerful hospital grade disinfectant that is non-hazardous and environmentally safe. One particular product line, employing unique nano-emulsive technology, is reported to be able to reduce the spread of a broad range of diseases, including E. coli, salmonella, listeria, staph, strep, pseudomonas, MRSA, VRE, Norwalk-like virus, Influenza A, Hepatitis B and C, vaccin. Another product has been developed using proprietary technology to create a nano-emulsion. The nano-emulsion can be sprayed, smeared on clothing, vehicles, people or anything that has been exposed to a slew of deadly substances. It can also be rubbed on the skin, eaten or put into beverages like orange juice, and used in the water of a hot tub. The working principle is that the nano-bubbles contain energy that is stored as surface tension. The energy is released when bubbles coalesce, thus zapping the contaminant. The hurdle is that a huge amount of energy is needed to make the nano-emulsion, with bubbles of sizes smaller than bacteria and viruses. For those products which have been scientifically proven feasible, for them to get into the market, the cost for producing them will have to come down drastically so that they are affordable. The major concern is that opportunists might seize the opportunity arising from the fears of to market cheap prevention kits, disinfectant substances, sterilizing systems that are of dubious effectiveness. The risk is that the public may lower their guard under the false impression that they are fully protected. Malaysia is also active in these areas. Current ongoing efforts include the nano-biotechnology effort, headed by Professor Datin Khatijah Yusoff at Universiti Putra Malaysia, and NanoBiotech Sdn. Bhd. at UPM-MTDC Technology Centre. The main focus is to use nanotechnology as a means for detecting infectious agents, or to develop diagnostic platforms. Professor Nor Muhammad Mahadi and Professor Rahmah Mohamed of the National Institute for Genomics and Molecular Biology, one of the three institutes of BioValley, are leading an effort to sequence the SARS genome. Note that all the products, if they are effective, are good only for preventing, disinfecting or detecting infectious agents they do not offer a cure, yet.
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